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Embedding Victims in Criminal Enforcement: Spain’s Public–Private Model for Crypto Asset Recovery
This article expands on remarks delivered at the IBA Annual Conference 2025 in Toronto (November 2–7), during a panel discussion titled “Public Recovery: Private Partners? Case Studies in Cross-Border Asset Recovery.” This contribution focuses on Spain’s distinctive model: one in which victims themselves act as embedded prosecutors within criminal proceedings, fundamentally reshaping the incentive structure…
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The Restitution of Art Confiscated During the Spanish Civil War and its Aftermath: A Step Towards Justice
Historical Background: Seizure of Cultural Property The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) led to significant displacements of artwork and cultural property. During the conflict, the authorities established the Committee for the Seizure and Protection of Artistic Heritage (Junta de Incautación y Protección del Patrimonio Artístico) to safeguard important cultural items from destruction or theft. Thousands of…